Hull was the first major scientific researcher to specialise in the study of hypnotism.
Freud, On Psychical Treatment, 1905 Clark L. Changes occur in it and mental functions are retained during it which are absent in normal sleep. But hypnosis is in no sense a sleep like our nocturnal sleep or like the sleep produced by drugs. In its lightest degree the hypnotic subject is aware only of something like a slight insensibility, while the most extreme degree, which is marked by special peculiarities, is known as ‘somnambulism’, on account of its resemblance to the natural phenomena of sleep-walking. It has long been known, though it has only been established beyond all doubt during the last few decades, that it is possible, by certain gentle means, to put people into a quite peculiar mental state very similar to sleep and on that account described as ‘hypnosis.’ The hypnotic state exhibits a great variety of gradations. Nevertheless in an article published late in his career Freud returned to the subject of hypnotherapy once again, suggesting that it might be necessary to somehow combine the findings of psychoanalysis with the methods of hypnotherapy in order to produce a briefer and more powerful form of treatment. However, he abandoned it in order to develop his own technique of psychoanalysis. Hippolyte Bernheim, Hypnosis & Suggestion in Psychotherapy, 1884: 15-16 Sigmund FreudĪfter studying briefly with Bernheim, Freud pioneered the use of hypnosis as a vehicle for regression and catharsis between about 18. Often, it is true, the sleep that may be induced facilitates suggestion, but it is not the necessary preliminary. I define hypnotism as the induction of a peculiar psychical condition which increases the susceptibility to suggestion. To define hypnotism as induced sleep, is to give a too narrow meaning to the word, to overlook the many phenomena which suggestion can bring about independently of sleep.
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